Ordinal Numbers in English

The English language utilizes ordinal numbers to indicate the position of something in a sequence. They differ from cardinal numbers, which denote quantity. Mastering ordinal numbers is crucial for expressing dates, rankings, floors in a building, and various other everyday situations. This article explores the formation, usage, and potential pitfalls of ordinal numbers in English.

Formation of Ordinal Numbers

Most ordinal numbers are formed by adding the suffix "-th" to the corresponding cardinal number. For example:

Four (cardinal) becomes fourth (ordinal)

Seven (cardinal) becomes seventh (ordinal)

Eleven (cardinal) becomes eleventh (ordinal)

However, there are exceptions and specific rules to remember:

First, Second, and Third: These are irregular and must be memorized. They are not formed by simply adding "-th."

Numbers ending in 1, 2, or 3 (except 11, 12, and 13): These follow special patterns.

Numbers ending in 1 become "-st" (e.g., 21st – twenty-first, 31st – thirty-first).

Numbers ending in 2 become "-nd" (e.g., 22nd – twenty-second, 32nd – thirty-second).

Numbers ending in 3 become "-rd" (e.g., 23rd – twenty-third, 33rd – thirty-third).

Numbers ending in "y": The "y" changes to "ie" before adding "-th" (e.g., twenty becomes twentieth, forty becomes fortieth).

Numbers ending in "ve": Often the "ve" changes to "f" before adding "-th" (e.g., five becomes fifth, twelve becomes twelfth). Note that the spelling of eleven and twelve are exceptional

When writing compound numbers, only the last digit determines the suffix (e.g., 101st - one hundred and first, 453rd - four hundred and fifty-third).

Practical Applications of Ordinal Numbers

Ordinal numbers have widespread use in English. A few key examples include:

Dates: We commonly use ordinal numbers when writing or saying dates (e.g., July 4th - July fourth, May 21st - May twenty-first). Note that while one might say "July fourth," it is more common in formal writing to write "the fourth of July".

Rankings and Positions: In competitions, sports, and academic rankings, ordinal numbers indicate placement (e.g., She came first in the race, He is ranked second in his class).

Floors in Buildings: To indicate the level of a building, we use ordinal numbers (e.g., My office is on the third floor, They live on the tenth floor).

Order of Events: Describing the sequence of events often involves ordinal numbers (e.g., First, gather the ingredients. Second, mix the batter. Third, bake the cake).

Centuries: Centuries are expressed using ordinal numbers (e.g., the twenty-first century).

Successive Rulers: Designating a ruler who has the same name is often done using ordinal numbers (e.g. Henry VIII – Henry the Eighth, Charles III – Charles the Third)

Common Mistakes and Confusions

While the rules for forming ordinal numbers might seem straightforward, several common mistakes can arise:

Incorrect Suffix Usage: A frequent error is using the wrong suffix (-st, -nd, -rd, -th) for numbers ending in 1, 2, or 3. Remember the exceptions of 11th, 12th, and 13th.

Spelling Errors: Some numbers have unique spellings (e.g., fifth, ninth, twelfth), and these can be easily misspelled.

Mixing Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers: It's important to use the correct type of number depending on the context. For instance, "I have five apples" (cardinal) is different from "This is my fifth apple" (ordinal).

Forgetting "and" in compound numbers: In British English, it's common to include "and" before the last two digits when spelling out numbers greater than one hundred (e.g., one hundred and first). While omission isn't incorrect, it's less common in British contexts.

Confusing the "0" ending: Numbers like 80th (eightieth) are often misspelled.

Beyond the Basics: Advanced Considerations

Hyphens: Compound ordinal numbers (e.g., twenty-first) are typically hyphenated when written out.

Abbreviations: Ordinal numbers are often abbreviated (e.g., 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th). Be mindful of proper capitalization when using abbreviations in formal writing.

Formal vs. Informal Language: While "the fourth of July" is considered more formal, "July fourth" is perfectly acceptable in casual conversation.

Cross-cultural Differences: Different languages have varying rules for forming and using ordinal numbers. Be aware of these differences when communicating with non-native English speakers.

Mnemonic Devices for Remembering Ordinal Suffixes

One helpful mnemonic device is to remember the pattern: "first, second, third, then th." This helps recall the specific endings for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd, while reminding you that all other numbers generally use "-th." Another simple approach is repeatedly writing out the ordinal suffixes until they become ingrained in your memory.

Conclusion

A thorough understanding of ordinal numbers is essential for effective communication in English. By mastering the formation rules, recognizing common pitfalls, and practicing their application in various contexts, learners can confidently express position and sequence with accuracy and fluency. While the irregularities might present an initial challenge, consistent practice and attention to detail will solidify your grasp of these fundamental elements of the English language. Remember to pay attention to both written and spoken usage to develop a comprehensive understanding of ordinal numbers and their significance in everyday life.